Athenagoras
(Latter half of 2nd Century)

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Synopsis

ATHENAGORAS. Under the titles … (a defence of the Christians by the Christian philosopher Athenagoras of Athens) and … (of the resurrection of the dead), two works have come down to us, whose author is entirely unknown to the tradition of the church. Eusebius, Jerome, and their immediate successors, do not mention him; and, as the survey which Eusebius gives of the apologetical literature of the second century is very elaborate, his silence with respect to Athenagoras could not fail to attract attention. Very early the existence of an apologist of that name was doubted, and the work was ascribed to Justin. This supposition, however, is from internal reasons untenable. The first testimony, [p.164] and the only one from the third century, of the existence of the apology and the name of its author, is a quotation by Methodius (Epiph. Haeres. 64, c. 21). Some notices by an unknown scribe (Cod. Barocc. 142, fol. 216), quoting from Philippus Sidetes, from the beginning of the fifth century, state that Athenagoras was director of the catechetical school of Alexandria, lived at the time of Hadrian and Antoninus, and was, like Celsus, occupied with searching the Scriptures for arguments against Christianity, when he was suddenly converted; but most of these notices are palpably erroneous. In spite, however, of the entire absence of a tradition, and the close resemblance to the apology of Justin, the date of the work must be placed somewhere in the second century. It is addressed to the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Aurelius Commodus, and various passages indicate the period between 176 and 178. The treatise on the resurrection, which contains nothing specifically Christian, first appeared in Latin, Venice, 1498, then in Greek, Louvain, 1541. The apology, together with the treatise, first appeared from the press of H. Stephanus, 1557.

A. Harnack, "Athenagoras," Philip Schaff, ed., A Religious Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology, 3rd edn., Vol. 1. Toronto, New York & London: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1894. pp.163-164. [Greek text removed]

Primary Sources

	Athenagoras, Embassy for Christians, new edn. New York: Paulist Press, 1955. Hbk. ISBN: 0809100363. pp.193.
	Alexander Roberts [1826-1901] & James Donaldson [1831-1915], eds., The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Translations of the Fathers down to A.D. 325, Vol. 2: Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire). Buffalo, NY: The Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1887. Hbk. pp.626. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]

Secondary Sources

	Athenagoras (Christian Classic Ethereal Library)
	L.W. Barnard, "The Embassy of Athenagoras - Two Notes," Vigiliae Christianae, Vol. 21 (1967): 88-92.
	L.W. Barnard, "The Old Testament and the Authorship of Athenagoras' De Resurrectione," Journal of Theological Studies 18 (1967): 432f.
	L.W. Barnard, Athenagoras: A Study in Second Century Christian Apologetics. Théologie Historique 18. Paris: Beauchesne, 1972.
	T.D. Barnes, "The Embassy of Athenagoras," Journal of Theological Studies 26 (1975): 111-14.
	D. Jeffrey Bingham, "'We Have the Prophets’: Inspiration and the Prophets in Athenagoras of Athens," Zeitschrift Für Antikes Christentum 20.2 (2016): 211-242.
	P. Lorraine Buck, "Athenagoras's Embassy: A Literary Fiction," Harvard Theological Review 89.3 (1996): 209-226.
	F.L. Cross, The Early Christian Fathers. Studies in Theology 1. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd., 1960. Hbk. pp.55-57.
	Monir A. Dawoud, "Fathers of the School of Alexandria: Athenagoras," Coptic Church Review 12.4 (1991): 121-124.
	Robert M.Grant, "Athenagoras or Pseudo-Athenagoras," Harvard Theoglogical Review 47 (1954): 121-129.
	Bruce F. Harris, "The Defence of Christianity in Athenagoras’ Embassy," The Journal of Religious History 15.4 (Dec.1989): 413-424.
	H.A. Lucks, The Philosophy of Athenagoras. Catholic University Press of MAerica Philosophical Studies, 32 (1936).
	A.J. Malherbe, "The Holy Spirit in Athanagoras," Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 20 (1969): 538-542.
	A.J. Malherbe, "The Structure of Athenagoras, Supplicatio pro Christianis," Vigiliae Christianae 23 (1969): 1-20.
	A.J. Malherbe, "Athenagoras on Christian Ethics," Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 20 (1969): 1-5.
	A.J. Malherbe, "Athenagoras and the Location of God," Theologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 26 (1970): 46-52.
	A.J. Malherbe, "Athenagoras on the Pagan Poets and Philosophers," P. Granfield & J.A. Jungman, editors, Kyriakon Festschrift Johannes Quasten.Munster: Aschendorff, 1970, pp.214-225.
	Miroslav Marcovich, "On the Text of Athenagoras, De Resurrectione," Vigiliae Christianae 33.4 (1979): 375-382.
	Athenagoras (John B. Peterson)
	Johannes Quasten, Patrology, Vol. 1. Resources for Chritian Living, 1950. Pbk. ISBN: 0870610848. pp.229-236.
	David Rankin, The Early Church and the Afterlife. Post-death existence in Athenagoras, Tertullian, Origen and the Letter to Rheginos. London: Routledge, 2017. ISBN: 9781351609180. pp.140. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	David T. Runia, "Verba Philonica, Agalmatophorein, and the Authenticity of the De Resurrectione Attributed to Athenagoras," Vigiliae Christianae 46.4 (Dec. 1992): 313-327.
	Louis A. Ruprecht, "Athenagoras the Christian, Pausanias the Travel Guide, and a Mysterious Corinthian Girl," Harvard Theological Review 85.1 (1992): 35-49.
	H.R. Smythe, "The Interpretation of Amos 4:13 in Athanasius and Didymus," Journal of Theological Studies ns 1 (1950): 158-68.
	Alice Whealey, "Pseudo-Justin’s de Resurrectione: Athenagoras or Hippolytus?" Vigiliae Christianae 60.4 (2006): 420-430.
	Devin White, "The Problematic Text of Athenagoras of Athens’s Leg 12.3: A Proposed Emendation," Vigiliae Christianae 70.3 (2016): 319-334.
	J.C.M. van .Winden, "Origin of Falsehood: Some Comments on the Introductory Passage of the Treatise 'On the Resurrection of the Dead' Attributed to Athenagoras," Vigiliae Christianae 30.4 (Dec. 1976): 303-306.