Augustine of Hippo (354-430)

Synopsis

Augustine is acknowledged as having been one of the most important influences on the development of the western Christianity.[1] The theological system he developed dominated the mediaeval church until the thirteenth century and its influence is still felt today.[2] A large number of his writings have survived and we know a great deal about his life from his Confessions and Revisions; from a contemporary biography,[3] and from his letters, (over 200 of which have survived).[4] His most famous work, Confessions (written about 397), was not intended simply as an autobiography as such. Rather, it is a long prayer of penitence and thanksgiving for the grace of God evidenced during the first 33 years of his life.[5] Numerous modern biographies have been written[6] and so I will sketch only a brief outline of his life.

Aurelius Augustinus was born in the town of Thagaste in North Africa, the son of Patricius and Monica. His father was a pagan until near the time of his death,[7] but his mother was a devoted follower of Catholic Christianity. The young Augustine was eager to learn and fascinated with the problem of the origin of evil.[8] When he attempted to find a solution in Scriptures he was disappointed by the coarse and rustic style of his Latin Old Testament compared to the elegance of the Greek classics.[9] So at the age of 19 he joined the sect of the Manichees as a 'hearer'[10] The Manichees were followers of Mani (born 14th April AD 216),[11] a man who formulated what was effectively an amalgam on Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Christianity. He claimed to have been inspired by the same spirit that inspired Zarathustra, Buddha Guatama and Jesus - the Holy Spirit.[12] Mani's teaching would, of course, supersede that of those who preceded him.[13] The Manichees used the Bible to support many of their teachings, claiming that the New Testament had been corrupted by the Judaisers.[14] It centred around a dualism of good and evil and drew extensively on the Genesis account of Adam and Eve. John Burnaby explains: The Manichaean system…

accounted for the creation of the world as a product of a conflict between light and dark substances and for the soul of man as an element of the light entangled in the dark. Manchaeaism claimed to be the true Christianity, preaching Christ as the redeemer who enables the imprisoned particles of light to escape and return to their own region.[15]

Augustine records some of the stranger teachings of the sect ...

I was gradually led to believe such nonsense as that a fig wept when it was plucked, and that the tree which bore it shed tears of mother's milk. But if some sanctified member of the sect were to eat the fig - someone else, of course, would have committed the sin of plucking it - he would digest it and breathe it out again in the form of angels or even particles of God, retching them up as he groaned in prayer. These particles of the true and supreme God we supposed to be imprisoned in the fruit and could only be released by means of the stomach and teeth of one of the elect. I was foolish enough to believe that we should show more kindness to the fruits of the earth than to mankind, for whose use they were intended. If a starving man, not a Manichee, were to beg for a mouthful, they thought it a crime worthy of mortal punishment to give him one.[16]

For a time Augustine found an explanation of the origin of evil in the Manichaean idea that evil has a physical form "...a shapeless, hideous mass, which might be solid, in which case the Manichees called it earth, or fine and rarefied into air."[17] Ultimately this explanation did not satisfy him.

Having left Africa for Rome Augustine became increasingly dissatisfied with the teachings of the Manichees and turned instead to Neo-platonism. In Rome he was able to use his Manichee contacts to obtain a post in Milan,[18] were he became a catechumen of the church. This act did not indicate any commitment to Christianity, as his Confessions make clear. It was simply the respectable thing to do. However, attending the church there brought him under the ministry of the bishop, Ambrose.[19] Ambrose's allegorical and Platonising[20] interpretation of the Scriptures in the tradition of Origen[21] made a great impression on Augustine,[22] who had been unimpressed by the literal interpretation practised by his mother as we have seen.[23] It is important to note that the Neoplatonists of Milan were in a minority in their spiritualised view of Scripture. The majority of the Church held to the more literal view.[24]

After a long struggle he was converted - the story of which is well known[25] - and baptised by Ambrose in 387. Following the death of his mother Augustine returned to Thagaste. There he might have ended his days in monastic retirement had not the church in the city of Hippo Regius pressed him to help them against the Manichees and Donatists who were opposing them there. This task Augustine, a former Manichee, was well equipped to undertake, and received ordination as bishop of Hippo in 396. Augustine never learned to read Greek and disliked Greek literature[26] and so was restricted in his biblical studies to working with a Latin translation.

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References

Bibliographies

A. Di Benardino, ed. Patrology, Vol. 4. Westminster: Christian Classics, 1986: pp.342-462. Full bibliography of editions and translations up to 1986.

Primary Sources

	Augustine (Christian Classic Ethereal Library)
	Augustine, Against Julian, Fathers of the Church, Vol.35, trans. Matthew A. Schumacher. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1992. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200350. pp.407.
	Augustine, Answer to the Pelagians I. New City Press, 1997. Hbk. ISBN: 1565480929. pp.632.
	Augustine, Answer to the Pelagians II. New City Press, 1998. Hbk. ISBN: 1565481070. pp.632.
	Augustine, Answer to the Pelagians III. New City Press, 1999. Hbk. ISBN: 1565481291. pp.776.
	Augustine, Augustine on Christian Doctrine, D.W. Robertson, translator. Prentice Hall / Penguin Putnam, 1988. Pbk. ISBN: 0024021504.
	Augustine, The Catholic and Manichaean Ways of Life, Fathers of the Church, Vol.56, trans. Donald A. & Idella J. Gallagher. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200563. pp.128.
	Augustine, Christian Instruction, Adminition and Grace, The Christian Cambat, Faith, Hope, and Charity, Fathers of the Church, Vol.2, trans. John J. Gavigan et al. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Pbk. ISBN: 0813213185. pp.494.
	St. Augustine, Concerning the City of God Against the Pagans, trans. Henry Bettenson, 1972. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985. Pbk. ISBN: 0140444262. pp.1096.
	Augustine, The City of God Against the Pagans, Robert Dyson, editor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pbk. ISBN: 0521468434. pp.1278.
	Augustine, Saint Augustine Confessions, 1961, R.S. Pine-Coffin, translator. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970. Pbk. ISBN: 014044114X. pp.352.
	Augustine, Confessions, Fathers of the Church, Vol.21, trans. Vernon J. Bourke. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200210. pp.481.
	Augustine, Eighty-Three Different Questions, Fathers of the Church, Vol. 70, trans. David L. Mosher. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813213231. pp.257.
	Augustine, The First Catechetical Instruction. Ancient Christian Writers Series. New York: Paulist Press, 1947. Hbk. ISBN: 0809100479. pp.176.
	Augustine, Four Anti-Pelagian Writings: "On Nature and Grace", "On the Proceedings of Pelagius", "On the Predestination of the Saints", and "On the Gift of Perseveran," Fathers of the Church, Vol. 86. John A. Nourant & William J. Collinge, translators. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1993. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200865. pp.350.
	Augustine, Letters, Vol. 1 (1-82), Fathers of the Church, Vol. 12, trans. Wilfred Parson. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200121. pp.420.
	Augustine, Letters, Vol. 2 (83-130), Fathers of the Church, Vol. 18, trans. Wilfred Parson. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200180. pp.401.
	Augustine, Letters, Vol. 3 (131-164), Fathers of the Church, Vol. 20, trans. Wilfred Parson. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200202. pp.398.
	Augustine, Letters, Vol. 4 (165-203), Fathers of the Church, Vol. 30, trans. Wilfred Parson. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 081320030X. pp.421.
	Augustine, Letters, Vol. 5 (204-270), Fathers of the Church, Vol. 32, trans. Wilfred Parson. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200326. pp.317.
	Augustine, Letters, Vol. 6 (1*-29*), Fathers of the Church, Vol. 81, trans. Robert B. Eno. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200814. pp.208.
	John H. Taylor, translator, St Augustine, The Literal Meaning of Genesis, Johannes Quasten, Walter J. Burghardt & Thomas C. Lawler, eds. Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation, No. 41. New York: Newman Press, 1983. ISBN: 0809103265. pp.296..
	John H. Taylor, translator, St Augustine, The Literal Meaning of Genesis, Johannes Quasten, Walter J. Burghardt & Thomas C. Lawler, eds. Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation, No. 42. New York: Newman Press, 1983. ISBN: 0809103273. pp.360.
	Augustine, The Lord's Sermon on the Mount. Ancient Christian Writers. J J Jepson, trans. New York: Paulist Press, 1948. Hbk. ISBN: 0809102463. pp.238.
	Augustine, On Genesis. Two Books on Genesis against the Manichees and On the Literal Interpretation of Genesis: An Unfinished Book, Fathers of the Church, Volume 84, .Roland Teske, S.J., translator, Washington, D.C.; The Catholic University of America Press, 1991. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200849. pp.210.
	Augustine, The Retractions. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 60. Mary Inez Bogan, translator. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1968. Hbk. ISBN: 0813209706.
	Augustine, "Soliloquies" and "Immortality of the Soul," Classical Texts, G. Watson, ed. Aris & Phillips, 1990. Pbk. ISBN: 0856685062. pp.260.
	Augustine, Tractates on the Gospel of John, 1-10. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 78. John W. Rettig, translator. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2000. Hbk. ISBN: 0813210283. pp.236.
	Augustine, Tractates on the Gospel of John, 11-27. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 79. John W. Rettig, translator. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1989. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200792. pp.306.
	Augustine, Tractates on the Gospel of John, 28-54. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 88. John W. Rettig, translator. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1993. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200881. pp.320.
	Augustine, Tractates on the Gospel of John, 55-111. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 90. John W. Rettig, translator. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1994. Hbk. ISBN: 0813200903. pp.328.
	Augustine, Tractates on the Gospel of John, 112-124. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 92. John W. Rettig, translator. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1995. Hbk. ISBN: 081320092X. pp.328.
	Augustine, Treatises on Marriage and Other Subjects. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 27. Charles T. Willcox, et al, , translators. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813209676. pp.456.
	Augustine, Treatises on Various Subjects. Fathers of the Church, Vol. 16. Mary Sarah Muldowney, translator. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. Hbk. ISBN: 0813213207. pp.479.
	Augustine, The Trinity. New City Press, 1991. Pbk. ISBN: 0911782966. pp.471.
	John Burleigh, Augustine: Earlier Writings. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1996, 2020. ISBN: 9781646980451. pp.412. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	John Burnaby, Augustine: Later Works. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1996. Pbk. ISBN: 0664241654.
	Timothy George, On Christian Doctrine and Selected Introductory Works. Nashville, TN: B&H Academic, 2022. ISBN: 9781087770321. pp.304. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Benedict J. Groeschel, Augustine: Major Writings. Crossroad, 1994. Pbk. ISBN: 0824525051. pp.178.
	Francis Ryan Montgomery Hitchcock [1867-1951], St. Augustine's Treatise on The City of God [Abridged]. Translations of Christian Literature. Series II. Latin Texts. London: SPCK, 1951. Hbk. pp.117. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	William John Sparrow-Simpson [1859-1952], translator, The Letters of St. Augustine. London: SPCK, 1919. Hbk. pp.336. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Frederick Adam Wright [1869-1946], Fathers of the Church. Tertullian: Cyprian: Arnobius: Lactantius: Ambrose: Jerome: Augustine. A Selection from the Writings of the Latin Fathers. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1928. Hbk. pp.351. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]

Secondary Sources

	Jeremy deQuesnay Adams, The "Populus" of Augustine and Jerome: A Study in the Patristic Sense of Community. New haven, 1971. ISBN: 0300014023. pp.278.
	R. Albertine, "Selected Survey of the Theme of 'Spiritual Sacrifice' to Augustine," Ephermerides liturgicae 104 (1990): 35-50.
	M. Alfeche, "Groaning of Creation in the Theology of Augustine," Augustius-Lexikon 34 (1984): 5-52.
	M. Alfeche, "The Basis of Hope in the Resurrection of the Body According to Augustine," Augustius-Lexikon 36 (1986): 240-96.
	M. Alfeche, "The Rising of the Dead in the Works of Augustine (1 Cor 15: 35-57)," Augustius-Lexikon 37 (1987): 122-86.
	R. Arbesmann, "Christ the medicus humilus in St. Ausgustine," Augustinus Magister (1954).
	M.A. Alcoin, "Augustine and John Chrysostom: Commentators on St. John's Prologue," Science et esprit 15 (1963): 123-31.
	M.E. Alflatt, "The Development of the Idea of Involuntary Sin in St. Augustine," Revue des Études Augustiniennes 20 (1974): 113-34.
	M.E. Alflatt, "The Responsibility for Involuntary Sin in Saint Augustine," Recherches Augustiniennes 10 (1975): 171-86.
	A. Hilary Armstrong, Augustine and Christian Philosophy. Villanova: Villanova University Press, 1967.
	F.B.A. Asiedu, "Augustine's Christian-Platonist Account of Goodness: A Reconsideration," Heythrop Journal 43.3 (2002): 328-343.
	Robert H. Ayers, "Language Theory and Analysis in Augustine," Scottish Journal of Theology 29 (1976): 1-
	Robert H. Ayers, Language, Logic, and Reason in the Church Fathers: A Study of Tertullian, Augustine, and Aquinas. Altertumswissenschaftliche Texte Und Studien Series 6. Hildersheim: Olms Edition, 1979. Pbk. ISBN: 3487066297. pp.146.
	R.G. Babcock, "Augustine's De Genesi ad litteram and Horace's Satire 1,2," Revue des études augustiennes 33 (1987): 265-68.
	W.S. Babcock, "Augustine's Interpretation of Romans (AD 394-396)," Augustinian Studies 10 (1979): 55-74.
	W.S. Babcock, "Augustine and Paul: The Case of Romans IX," Studia Patristica 16 (1985): 473-79.
	D.L. Balás, "The Encounter Between Christianity and Contemporary Philosophy in the Second Century," Anglican Theological Review, Vol. 50 (1968): 3-15.
	C.P.Bammel, "Augustine, Origen and the Exegesis of St. Paul," Augustinianum 32 (1992): 341-67.
	C.P. Bammel, "Justification by Faith in Augustine and Origen," Journal of Ecclesiastical History 47.2 (1996): 223-235.
	Michel R. Barnes, "The Arians of Book V, and the Genre of De Trinitate," Journal of Theological Studies 44.1 (1993): 185-195.
	Michel R. Barnes, "The Visible Christ and the Invisible Trinity: Mt. 5:8 in Augustine’s Trinitarian Theology of 400," Modern Theology 19.3 (July 2003): 329–55.
	Peter Barnes, "Augustine’s View of History in His City of God," The Reformed Theological Review 71.2 (August 2012): 90-108.
	Roy W. Battenhouse, A Companion to the Study of St. Augustine. New York\: Oxford University Press, 1955. 425 pp. Hbk. ISBN: 0801007607.
	T.J. van Bavel, "Augustine's View of Women," Augustiniana 39 (1989): 5-53.
	The Platonist Christian cosmology of Origen, Augustine, and Eriugena (Wynand de Beer) pdf
	Stephen D. Benin, "Sacrifice as Education in Augustine and Chrysostom," Church History 52.1 (1983): 7-20.
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	Edwin A. Blum, "Augustine: The Bishop and Theologian," Bibliotheca Sacra 138: 549 (1981): 57-66.
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	Gerald Bonner, "Augustine as Biblical Scholar," P.R. Ackroyd & C.F. Evans, eds. The Cambridge History of the Bible, Vol. 1. From Beginnings to Jerome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Hbk. ISBN: 0521074185. pp.541-562.
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	Gerald Bonner, "They Speak to Us across the Centuries 7. Augustine," Expository Times 109-10 (1998): 293-296.
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	Peter Brown, Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine. London: Faber & Faber, 1972. Hbk. ISBN: 0060105542. e-book: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007. ISBN: 9781725218307. pp.352. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Francis Crawford Burkitt [1864-1935], The Religion of the Manichees. Donnellan Lectures for 1924. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1924. Hbk. pp.130. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Jason David BeDuhn, Augustine's Manichaean Dilemma, Volume 1 Conversion and Apostasy, 373-388 C.E. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. ISBN: 9780812207422. pp.416. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	J.P Burns, "The Interpretation of Romans in the Pelagian Controversy," Augustinian Studies 10 (1979): 43-54.
	P. Burns, "Augustine's Distinctive Use of Psalms in the Confessions," Augustinian Studies 24 (1993): 133-46.
	Robert Wheler Bush [1820-1908], St. Augustine. His Life and Times. London: The Religious Tract Society, n.d. Hbk. pp.212. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Aaron M. Canty, "Augustine’s Totus Christus Hermeneutic for Interpreting the Psalms," Biblical Research 53 (2008): 59-67.
	C.P. Carlson, Jr., "The Natural Order and Historical Explanation in St. Augustine's 'City of God'," Augustiniana 21 (1971): 417-47.
	Augustine Michael Casiday, "Apatheia and Sexuality in the Thought of Augustine and Cassian," St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly 45.4 (2001): 359-394.
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	Henry Chadwick, "New Sermons of St Augustine," Journal of Theological Studies 47.1 (1996): 69-91.
	Henry Chadwick, Augustine: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford Paperbacks, 2001. Pbk. ISBN: 0192854526. pp.144.
	Katherine Chambers, "Augustine on Justice: A Reconsideration of City of God, Book 19," Political Theology 19.5 (August 2018): 382-396.
	Ellen T. Charry, "Augustine of Hippo: Father of Christian Psychology," Anglican Theological Review 88.4 (Fall 2006): 575-589.
	Charles Norris Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture: A Study of Thought and Action from Augustus to Augustine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1940. Pbk. ISBN: 0865974136.
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	Robert M. Cooper, "St. Augustine's Doctrine of Evil," Scottish Journal of Theology 16 (1963): 256-
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	Martin Cyril D'Arcy, Maurice Blondel, Christopher Dawson, Étienne Gilson, Jacques Maritain, et al, A Monument to Saint Augustine. Essays on Some Aspects of His Thought Written in Commemoration of His 15th Centenary. Eugene, OR; Wipf & Stock, 2017. ISBN: 9781725237933. pp.394. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Linda Darwish, "The Concept of the Mediator in Augustine's Understanding of the Trinity," Didaskalia 13.1 (Fall 2001): 61-86.
	Herbert A. Deane, The Political And Social Ideas of St. Augustine. Columbia University Press, 1966. Pbk. ISBN: 0231085699. pp.356.
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	Anthony Dupont, "Prayer in Augustine’s Anti-Pelagian Sermones Ad Populum: Luke 18,9-14 as Case Study," Annali Di Storia Dell’Esegesi 27.2 (July 2010): 157-182.
	Anthony Dupont, ."Augustine’s Exegesis of 1 Tim 1,15-16 and Rom 6,12-13: A Specific Use of the Scriptures within the Anti-Pelagian Sermones," Zeitschrift Für Die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Und Die Kunde Der Älteren Kirche 102.1 (2011): 130-148.
	Anthony Dupont, "The Prayer Theme in Augustine’s Sermones Ad Populum at the Time of the Pelagian Controversy: A Pastoral Treatment of a Focial Point of His Doctrine of Grace.” Zeitschrift Für Antikes Christentum 14.2 (2011): 379-408.
	R.W. Dyson, St. Augustine of Hippo. The Christian Transformation of Political Philosophy. London: Continuum, 2006. ISBN: 9781847140975. pp.206. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Mark W. Elliot, "More Confessed than Unconfessed: Thoughts Gained from Teaching the Canonical Augustine," Zeitschrift Für Antikes Christentum 11.1 (2008): 115-128.
	Gillian Rosemary Evans, Augustine on Evil. Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pbk. ISBN: 052139743X. pp.216.
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	Yuan Gao, "St. Augustine and China: A Reflection on Augustinian Studies in Mainland China," Neue Zeitschrift Für Systematische Theologie Und Religionsphilosophie 61.2 (2019): 256-271.
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	Stephen Gersh, "The First Principles of Latin Neoplatonism: Augustine, Macrobius, Boethius," Vivarium 50.2 (2012): 113-138.
	Etienne Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of Saint Augustine. New York: Random House, 1960. Hbk. ISBN: 0575009683. pp.461.
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	W.B. Green, "St. Augustine on Time," Scottish Journal of Theology 18 (1965): 148-
	Carl W. Griffin & David L. Paulsen, "Augustine and the Corporeality of God," Harvard Theological Review 95.1 (2002): 97-118.
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	Brian Harding, Augustine and Roman Virtue. London: Continuum, 2008. ISBN: 9781441155054. pp.220. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	György Heidl, The Influence of Origen on the Young Augustine. A Chapter of the History of Origenism. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009. ISBN: 9781463222031. pp.342. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Wendy Elgersma Helleman, "'Abraham Had Two Sons': Augustine and the Allegory of Sarah and Hagar (Galatians 4:21-31)," Calvin Theological Journal 48.1 (April 2013): 35-64.
	Wendy Elgersma Helleman, "Casting out Hagar: Anti-Judaism in the Sermons of Augustine," Calvin Theological Journal 51.1 (April 2016): 20-36.
	E. Hill, "St. Augustine's De Trinitate. The Doctrinal Significance of its Structure," Revue des Études Augustiniennes 19 (1973): 277-86.
	Edward Howells, "Understanding the Experience of God with St Augustine," The Way 58.4 (Oct. 2019): 33–42.
	David G. Hunter, "Augustine and the Making of Marriage in Roman North Africa," Journal of Early Christian Studies 11.1 (2003): 63-85.
	D.W. Johnson, "Verbum in the Early Augustine (386-397)," Recherches Augustiniennes 8 (1972): 25-53.
	John F. Johnson, "Speaking of the Triune God: Augustine, Aquinas, and the Language of Analogy," Concordia Theological Quarterly 67. 3-4 (July 2003): 215-227
	Keith E. Johnson, "Augustine's 'Trinitarian' Reading of John 5: A Model for the Theological Interpretation of Scripture?" Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 52.4 (Dec. 2009): 799-810. pdf
	P.D. Johnson, "Virtus: Transition from Classical Latin to the 'De Civitate Dei'," Augustinian Studies 6 (1975): 117-24.
	Dennis W. Jowers, "Divine Unity and the Economy of Salvation in the De Trinitate of Augustine," The Reformed Theological Review 60.2 (August 2001): 68-84.
	Charles Kannengiesser, A Conflict of Christian Hermeneutics in Roman Africa: Tyconius and Augustine. Berkeley, CA: Center for Hermeneutical Studies, 1989. Pbk. ISBN: 0892420596. pp.87.
	Peter Ivan Kaufman, "Augustine, Martyrs, and Misery," Church History 63.1 (1994): 1-14.
	Graham Keith, "Can Anything Good Come out of Allegory? The Cases of Origen and Augustine," The Evangelical Quarterly 70.1 (Jan.-Mar. 1998): 23-49. pdf [Reproduced by permission of the current copyright holder]
	Andrew Knowles & Pachomios Penkett, Augustine and His World. IVP Histories. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004. Pbk. ISBN: 0830823565. pp.183.
	Louis G. Kelly, "Linguistics and translation in Saint Augustine," Bible Translator 24.1 (Jan. 1973): 134-139. pdf
	Christopher Kirwan, Augustine. The Arguments of the Philosophers. London: Routledge, 2010. ISBN: 9781136956652. pp.256. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Annemare Kotze, Augustine's Confessions: Communicative Purpose and Audience. Leiden: Brill, 2004. Hbk. ISBN: 9004139265. pp.286.
	Dalibor Kraljik, "Review of the Central Themes of the Eschatological Thought of Augustine of Hippo," Kairos Evangelical Journal of Theology 5.1 (May 2011): 125-141. pdf
	Norman Kretzmann & Eleonore Stump, editors. The Cambridge Companion to Augustine. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pbk. ISBN: 052165985X. pp.322.
	Joseph C. Quy Lam, "Revelation, Christology and Grace in Augustine’s Anti-Manichean and Anti-Pelagian Controversies," Phronema 28.2 (2013): 131-149.
	David Lambert, "Augustine and the Praedestinatus: Heresy, Authority and Reception," Millennium 5 (2008): 147-162.
	Émilien Lamirande, "A Significant Contribution to Our Understanding of Augustine's Ecclesiology," Augustinian Studies 5 (1974): 237-48.
	Émilien Lamirande, Church, State, and Toleration: an Intriguing Change of Mind in Augustine. The Saint Augustine Lecture 1974. Villanova, PA: Villanova University, 1975. pp.78.
	Louis Lavallee, "Augustine on the creation days," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 32.4 (Dec. 1989): 457-464. pdf
	George Lawless, "On Understanding Augustine of Hippo," Downside Review 100 (1982): 31-46.
	George P. Lawless, Augustine of Hippo and his Monastic Rule. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. pp. xx + 185.
	Mark Levering, The Theology of Augustine. An Introductory Guide to His Most Important Works. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013. ISBN: 9781441240453. pp.224. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Bryan M. Litfin, "The Rule of Faith in Augustine," Pro Ecclesia 14.1 (Winter 2005): 85-101.
	Christine McCann, "Influence of Manichaeism on Augustine of Hippo as a Spiritual Mentor," Cistercian Studies Quarterly 44.3 (2009): 255–277.
	Gerald A. Mccool, "The Ambrosian Origin of St. Augustine’s Theology of the Image of God in Man," Theological Studies 20.1 (March 1959): 62–81.
	Handley Carr Glyn Moule [1841-1920], "St. Augustine," William Lefroy [1836-1909], ed., Church Leaders in Primitive Times. Lectures on Their Words and Works. Delivered in Norwich Cathedral by Eminent Anglican Devines, 2nd edn. London: Chas. J. Thynne, 1909. Hbk. pp.479-502. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	H.J. Leowen, "The Use of Scripture in Augustine's," Scottish Journal Theology 34 (1981): 201-24.
	Gordon R. Lewis, "Violence in the Name of Christ: The Significance of Augustine's Donatist Controversy For Today," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 14.2 (Spring 1971): 103-110. pdf
	Gordon Lewis, "Faith And History In St. Augustine," Trinity Journal 3.1 (1982): 39-50.
	Howard J. Loewen, "The Use of Scripture in Augustine's Theology," Scottish Journal of Theology 34 (1981): 201-
	L.J. van Lof, "Tertullian and Augustine on Titus 3:10-11," Augustinus 38 (1993): 511-25.
	L.J. van der Lof, "The 'Prophet' Abraham in the writings of Irenaeus, Tertullian, Ambrose and Augustine," Augustiniana 44 (1994): 17-29.
	D.J. MacQueen, "St. Augustine's Concept of Property Ownership," Recherches Augustiniennes 8 (1972): 187-229.
	D.J. MacQueen, "Contempus Dei: St Augustine on the Disorder of Pride in Society, and its Remedies," Recherches Augustiniennes 9 (1973): 227-93.
	Michael Cornelius McCarthy, "'We Are Your Books': Augustine, the Bible, and the Practice of Authority," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 75.2 (June 2007): 324-352.
	Joanne McWilliam, Augustine. From Rhetor to Theologian. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992. ISBN: 9780889206885. pp.247. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Robert Austin Markus, ed., Augustine: a Collection of Critical Essays. Modern studies in Philosophy. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1972. pp. xv + 423.
	Robert Austin Markus, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1970. Reprinted: University Microfilms International, 2000. Pbk. ISBN: 0608157503.
	Gareth B. Matthews, The Augustinian Tradition. University of California Press, 1998. Pbk. ISBN: 0520210018. pp.450.
	Terry L. Meithe, "Augustine's Theory of Sense Knowledge," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 22.3 (Sept. 1979): 257-264. pdf
	Susan Mennel, "Augustine's I: The Knowing Subject and the Self," Journal of Early Christian Studies 2.3 (1994): 291-324.
	Hugo A. Meynell, ed. Grace, Politics & Desire: Essays on Augustine. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1990. Pbk. ISBN: 0919813550. pp.193.
	Terry L. Meithe, "Augustine's Theory of Sense Knowledge," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 22.3 (Sept. 1979): 257-264. pdf
	Maico Michielin, "Augustine’s Interpretation of John’s Prologue: A Theology of God’s Word," Theology Today 67.3 (Oct. 2010): 299-307.
	Margaret R. Miles, Augustine on the Body. Missoula: Scholars Press, 1979. ISBN: 0891302891. pp.184.
	Margaret R. Miles, "Infancy, Parenting and Nourishment in Augustine's Confessions," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 50 (1982): 349-364.
	Margaret R. Miles, Augustine on the Body. Eugene, OR: Wipf 7 Stock, 2009. ISBN: 9781725227231. pp.192. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	J.B. Mozley, A Treatise on the Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination. London, 1883.
	Nick Needham, "Augustine of Hippo: The Relevance of His Life and Thought Today," Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 12.2 (Summer 2008): 38-50.
	Jeff Nicoll, Augustine's Problem. Impotence and Grace. Eugene, OR: Resource Publications, 2016. ISBN: 9781498224956. pp.280. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	R.J. O'Connell, St. Augustine's Early Theory of Man. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.
	R.J. O'Connell, "Augustine's Rejection of the Fall of the Soul," Augustinian Studies 4 (1973): 1-32.
	R.J O'Connell, Art and the Christian Intelligence in St. Augustine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. Hbk. ISBN: 0674046757. pp.272.
	Gerald P. O'Daly, "Did St. Augustine Ever Believe in the Soul's Pre-Existence?" Augustinian Studies 5 (1974): 227-35.
	Gerald P. O'Daly, "Time as Distentio and Augustine's Exegesis of Philippians 3:12-14," Revue des Études Augustiniennes 23 (1977): 265-71.
	Gerald P. O'Daly, Augustine's Philosophy of the Mind. Berkeley / London: University of California Press / Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd., 1987. Hbk. ISBN: 0715621114. pp.248.
	Gerard O'Daly, Platonism Pagan and Christian: Studies in Plotinus and Augustine. Variorum Collected Studies. Variorum, 2001. Hbk. ISBN: 0860788571. pp.300.
	Donato Ogliari, "The Role of Christ and of the Church in the Light of Augustine’s Theory of Predestination," Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 79.4 (Dec. 2003): 347-364.
	J. van Oort, Jerusalem and Babylon: Study into Augustine's "City of God" and the Sources of His Doctrine of the Two Cities. Vigiliae Christianae Supplements Series14. Leiden: Brill, 1991. Hbk. ISBN: 9004093230. pp.438.
	J. van Oort, "The Young Augustine’s Knowledge of Manichaeism: An Analysis of the Confessiones and Some Other Relevant Texts," Vigiliae Christianae 62.5 (2008): 441-466.
	J. van Oort, "Manichaean Christians in Augustine’s Life and Work," Church History and Religious Culture 90.4 (2010): 505-546.
	J. van Oort, "Augustine’s Manichaean Dilemma in Context," Vigiliae Christianae 65.5 (2011): 543-567.
	J. van Oort, "Manichaean Women in Augustine’s Life and Works," Vigiliae Christianae 69.3 (2015): 312-326.
	Gavin Ortlund, Retrieving Augustine's Doctrine of Creation. Ancient Wisdom for Current Controversy. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2020. ISBN: 9780830853250. pp.264. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Willemien Otten, "Augustine on Marriage, Monasticism, and the Community of the Church," Theological Studies 59.3 (Sept.1998): 385-405.
	Alexandra Pâryan, "Genesis 1-3: Augustine and Origen on the Coats of Skins," Vigiliae Christianae 66.1 (2012): 56-92.
	C.C. Pecknold, "How Augustine Used the Trinity: Functionalism and the Development of Doctrine," Anglican Theological Review 85.1 (2003): 127-141.
	C.C. Pecknold & Tarmo Toom, eds., The T&T Clark Companion to Augustine and Modern Theology. London: T & T Clark, 2013. ISBN: 9780567231338. pp.304. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Rodney L. Petersen, "To Behold And Inhabit The Blessed Country: Revelation, Inspiration, Scripture And Infallibility. An Introductory Guide To Relections Upon Augustine, 1945-1980," Trinity Journal 4.2 (1983): 28-81.
	J.H. Petzer, "St Augustine and the Latin version of Acts," Neotestamentica 25.1 (1991): 33-50. pdf
	D.E. Pilarczyk, "Jonah's Gourd: Augustine and Jerome on a New Translation of Sacred Scripture (Vg)," Bible Today 26 (1966): 1848-52.
	S. Platten, Augustine's Legacy. London: Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd., 1997. Pbk. ISBN: 0232521557. pp.224.
	T. Polanski, "Jerome as a Translator of Hebrew Poetry I. Grammar and Lexicography, II. Poetics, Discussion," Grazer Beiträge 18 (1992): 155-70.
	Eugène Portalié, Guide to the Thought of Saint Augustine. London: Greenwood Press, 1975. Hbk. ISBN: 0837179920. pp.428.
	Teaching of St. Augustine of Hippo (Eugène Portalié)
	Works of St. Augustine of Hippo (Eugène Portalié)
	J.G. Prendiville, "The Development of the Idea of Habit in the Thought of St. Augustine," Traditio 28 (1972): 29-99.
	G.A. Press, "The Subject and Structure of Augustine's De Doctrina Christiana," Augustinian Studies 11 (1980): 99-124.
	Robert Rainy, The Ancient Catholic Church from the Accession of Trajan to the Fourth General Council [A.D. 98-451]. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1902. Hbk. pp.539. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Ilaria Ramelli, "Origen in Augustine: A Paradoxical Reception," Numen 60. 2-3 (2013): 280-307.
	Peter Sanlon, "An Augustinian Mindset," Themelios 33.1 (May 2008): 39-45.
	W.A. Schumacher, Spiritus and Spiritualis: A Study in the Sermons of St. Augustine. Mondelein: St. Mary of the Lake Seminary, 1957.
	T. Kermit Scott, Augustine: His Thought in Context. Paulist Press, 1995. Pbk. ISBN: 0809135663.
	Samuel J. Schultz, "Augustine and the Old Testament Canon," Bibliotheca Sacra 112: 447 (1955): 225-234.
	Ellen Scully, "Jerusalem’s Lost Etymology: How Augustine Changed Latin Eschatology," Vigiliae Christianae 70.1 (2016): 1-30.
	W.H. Semple, "Some Letters of St. Augustine (to Jerome, on Exegetical Questions," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 33 (1950-51): 111-30.
	Larry D. Sharp, "The Doctrines of Grace in Calvin and Augustine," The Evangelical Quarterly 52.2 (Apr.-June. 1980): 84-96. pdf [All reasonable efforts have been made to contact the copyright holder of this article without success. If you hold the rights, please contact me]
	Theodore T. Shimmyo, "St Augustine's Treatment of the Donatist Heresy: An Interpretation," Patristic and Byzantine Review 10.3 (1991): 173-182.
	Andrew Sibley, "Lessons from Augustine's De Genesi ad Litteram - Libri Duodecim," Journal of Creation 27.2 (2013): 71-77.
	Laurence C. Sibley, Jr., "Late Have I Loved You: Augustinian Spirituality in Book 10 of the Confessions," Westminster Theological Journal 65.1 (2003): 69-81.
	Edward L. Smither, Augustine as Mentor. A Model for Preparing Spiritual Leaders. Nashville, TN: B&H Academic, 2009. ISBN: 9780805463835. pp.272. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Janet Martin Soskice, "Being and Love: Schleiermacher, Aquinas and Augustine," Modern Theology 34.3 (July 2018): 480-491.
	Brian Stock, Augustine the Reader. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009. ISBN: 9780674044043. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Mateusz Stró́żyński, "The Fall of the Soul in Book Two of Augustine’s Confessions," Vigiliae Christianae 70.1 (2016): 77–100.
	Basil Studer, The Grace of Christ and the Grace of God in Augustine of Hippo: Christocentrism or Theocentrism. Michael Glazier Books, 1997. Pbk. ISBN: 0814658555. pp.272.
	Eleonore Stump & Norman Kretzmann, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Augustine. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pbk. ISBN: 052165985X. pp.324.
	John Edward Sullivan, The Image of God: The Doctrine of Augustine and Its Influence. Dubuque, IA: Priory Press, 1963.
	Eugene TeSelle, Augustine's Strategy as an Apologist. The Saint Augustine Lecture,1973. Villanova, PA: Villanova University Press, 1974. pp. vii + 85.
	Eugene TeSelle, "Porphyry and Augustine," Augustinian Studies 5 (1974): 113-47.
	Eugene TeSelle, "Some Reflections on Augustine's Use of Scripture," Augustinian Studies 7 (1976): 165-78.
	Eugene TeSelle, Augustine the Theologian. New York, 1970. Reprinted: Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2002. ISBN: 9781725202511. pp.382. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Eugene TeSelle, Augustine. Abingdon Pillars of Theology Series. Abingdon Press, 2006. Pbk. ISBN: 0687053617. pp.105.
	A. Craig Troxel, "What Did Augustine 'Confess' in His Confessions," Trinity Journal, 15.2 (1994): 163-179.
	Joseph C. Schnaubelt & Frederick Van Fleteren, Augustine: Biblical Exegete. Augustinian Historical Institute, Series 5. New York: Peter Lang Pubishers Inc., 2001. Hbk. ISBN: 0820422924. pp.xvii + 397.
	Mark Vessey, "Opus Imperfectum. Augustine and His Readers, 426-435 A.D," Vigiliae Christianae 52.3 (1998): 264-285.
	Mark Vessey, A Companion to Augustine. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. ISBN: 9781118255438. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	B.B. Warfield, "Augustine and His 'Confessions'," The Princeton Theological Review 3.1 (1905): 81-126. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain and can be freely distributed and copied]
	B.B. Warfield, Studies in Tertullian and Augustine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1930. Hbk. pp.412. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Thomas A. Wassmer, "The Trinitarian Theology of Augustine and His Debt to Pltinus," Scottish Journal of Theology 14 (1961): 248-
	Caroline White, The Correspondence (394-419) between Jerome and Augustine of Hippo. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991. Hbk. ISBN: 0889465991. pp.264.
	Rowan Williams, "Augustine and the Psalms.” Interpretation 58 1 (Jan. 2004): 17-27.
	G.G. Willis, St. Augustine and the Donatist Controversy. London, 1950.
	Andrew Wilson, "The Walls of Carthage and the Date of Augustine’s De Trinitate," The Journal of Theological Studies 70.2 (Oct. 2019): 680-705.
	Kenneth M. Wilson, "Reading James 2:18–20 with Anti-Donatist Eyes: Untangling Augustine’s Exegetical Legacy," Journal of Biblical Literature 139.2 (2020): 385-407.
	Henry J. Woods, S.J., Augustine and Evolution. A Study in the Saints De Genesi Ad Literam And De Trinitate. The Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1924. Hbk. pdf
	David F. Wright, "Rome, August 24, 410, and New York, September 11, 2001: Augustine and the End of the World," Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology 21.1 (2003): 57-71.
	Frances M. Young, "Augustine’s Hermeneutics and Postmodern Criticism," Interpretation 58.1 (Jan. 2004): 42–55.

Biographies

	Gerald Bonner, St. Augustine of Hippo. London: Canterbury Press, 2002. Pbk. ISBN: 1853114421. pp.442.
	Peter Brown: Augustine of Hippo: A Biography, revised. University of California Press, 2000. Pbk. ISBN: 0520227573. pp.576.
	Mary T. Clark, Augustine. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN: 0826450873. pp.162. [Sign-up to Perlego and access book instantly]
	Elizabeth Clark, ed., St. Augustine on Marriage and Sexuality. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1996. Pbk. ISBN: 081320867X. pp.136.
	Edward L. Cutts [1824-1908], Saint Augustine. The Fathers for English Readers. London: SPCK, 1892. Hbk. pp.239. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Marcus Dods [1834-1909], Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, The Evangelical Succession. A Course of Lectures Delivered in St. George's Free Church Edinburgh, 1881-1882. Edinbugh: MacNiven & Wallace, 1882. Hbk. pp.43-84. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Frederic William Farrar [1831-1903], Lives of the Fathers. Sketches of Church History in Biography, 2 Vols. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1907. Hbk. pp.781+737. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	Benedict J. Groeschel, Augustine. St Pauls Publishing, 1995. ISBN: 0854395164. pp.178.
	Carol Harrison, Augustine: Christian Truth and Fractured Humanity. Christian Theology in Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pbk. ISBN: 0198752199 . pp.256.
	Robert E Meagher, Augustine, new edn. Hackett Publishing Co, Inc., 1998. Hbk. ISBN: 0872204448. pp.315.
	William Montgomery [1871-1930], St. Augustine. Aspects of His Life and Thought. London & New York: Hodder & Stoughton, 1914. Hbk. pp.255. pdf [This material is in the Public Domain]
	John Joseph O'Meara, The Young Augustine: The Growth of St. Augustine's Mind Up to His Conversion, 2nd edn. Alba House, 2001. Pbk. ISBN: 0818908335. pp.222.
	Richard Price, Augustine. Great Christian Thinkers series. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. ISBN: 0006279163. pp.112. / Liguori Books, 1997. Pbk. ISBN: 076480118X. pp.112.
	Warren Thomas Smith, Augustine: His Life and Thought. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1980. Pbk. ISBN: 0804208719. pp.204.
	Norman P. Williams [1883-1943], The Ideas of the Fall and of Original Sin. London: Longmans & Green, 1927.
	Garry Wills, Saint Augustine. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1999. Hbk. ISBN: 0297842811. pp.160.

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